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The composition and nature of oil
Crude oil, commonly referred to as petroleum, is a dark, viscous, and flammable liquid extracted from deep underground reservoirs. It originates from the remains of ancient marine organisms that have undergone extensive geological processes over millions of years. Like coal, it is classified as a fossil fuel. The properties of crude oil vary significantly depending on its source. Its density typically ranges between 0.8 and 1.0 g/cm³, with a wide variation in viscosity and a freezing point that can range from -60°C to 30°C. Boiling points can extend from room temperature up to over 500°C. Crude oil is generally insoluble in water but can form emulsions when mixed with it.
The primary chemical components of oil are carbon (83%–87%) and hydrogen (11%–14%), with smaller amounts of sulfur (0.06%–0.8%), nitrogen (0.02%–1.7%), oxygen (0.08%–1.82%), and trace metals such as nickel, vanadium, and iron. Hydrocarbons, made up of carbon and hydrogen, make up 95% to 99% of crude oil. However, compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen are considered impurities and are typically removed during refining to improve product quality and reduce environmental impact.
Different crude oils contain varying types and proportions of hydrocarbons, primarily falling into three categories: alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Crude oil dominated by alkanes is called paraffinic, while those rich in cycloalkanes and aromatics are referred to as naphthenic or aromatic-based. Oils that fall between these two are known as intermediate crude. In China, most crude oils are wax-heavy, have a high pour point, low sulfur content, moderate levels of nickel and nitrogen, and very low vanadium content. Most crude oil in China contains less gasoline fraction, with residual oil making up about one-third of the total.
Each type of crude oil requires specific refining methods due to differences in composition and performance characteristics. Proper utilization ensures maximum efficiency and value. Daqing crude oil, for example, is known for its high wax content, elevated pour point, and low sulfur levels, classifying it as a low-sulfur paraffinic crude. Understanding these properties helps in determining the best use for each type of oil.